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35. The sight of men whispering together in small knots or

speaking in subdued tones points to disaffection amongst the rank

and file.

36. Too frequent rewards signify that the enemy is at the end of

his resources;

[Because, when an army is hard pressed, as Tu Mu says, there is

always a fear of mutiny, and lavish rewards are given to keep the

men in good temper.]

too many punishments betray a condition of dire distress.

[Because in such case discipline becomes relaxed, and unwonted

severity is necessary to keep the men to their duty.]

37. To begin by bluster, but afterwards to take fright at the

enemy's numbers, shows a supreme lack of intelligence.