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[1] "Guilds or societies," "in arti o in tribu." "Arti" were

craft or trade guilds, cf. Florio: "Arte . . . a whole company of

any trade in any city or corporation town." The guilds of

Florence are most admirably described by Mr Edgcumbe Staley in

his work on the subject (Methuen, 1906). Institutions of a

somewhat similar character, called "artel," exist in Russia

to-day, cf. Sir Mackenzie Wallace's "Russia," ed. 1905: "The sons

. . . were always during the working season members of an artel.