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(4) The length of the chapter is disproportionate, being double

that of any other except IX. I do not propose to draw any

inferences from these facts, beyond the general conclusion that

Sun Tzŭ's work cannot have come down to us in the shape in which

it left his hands: chap. VIII is obviously defective and probably

out of place, while XI seems to contain matter that has either

been added by a later hand or ought to appear elsewhere.]

51. For it is the soldier's disposition to offer an obstinate

resistance when surrounded, to fight hard when he cannot help

himself, and to obey promptly when he has fallen into danger.